33-4,497,631,633 mark, 484, 502, 519, 521, 523 .sity: behavioral effects of, 571-73, 38-89; by countries, 229-31; health msequences of, 462-75; low, 587-88, 91-92, 609; political effects of, 35-95, 610; progress, 204. See also .ties; Land; Urbanization endency ratio: in demographic transi-an, 114-17; and economic develop-ent, 155, 180, 181, 187, 192, 203-5, 18, 640; of two population types, 647 eloped countries: developmental levels ', 376; fertility control incentives in, SI-22; food supply for, 246, 267; :alth services in, 382, 386-87; popula-jn patterns in, 107-13, 125-27, 132, 15-36, 640-42, 644, 646; population >licy for, 121, 207-9; resource out-ok for, 222-23,240-41 eloping countries: abortion in, 505-7, 14-25; attitudes on population growth , 535, 546-51; definition of, 315«, '2-73; developmental levels of, '4-76; fertility control incentives in, 1-25; health effects of density in, 4-75; largest, 589-90, 608; with low-nsity populations, 547, 560, 591-92, )9; rapid population growth in, '8-14, 202-3, 640, 642-57; resource-vironment outlook for, 222-24, 1-43; stationary birth level in, 8-51
inishing returns, 176, 190, 247, 254 ases. See Health ributive justice, 554-56, 560, 620-25
lings,   of  educated   people,   159-60,
'6,334-36,358
ern  Europe,  136, 520; abortion in,
11, 493-94, 497,502-3,520. See also
irope individual countries
Germany, 520 nomic  development:   and education,
3, 144,154,163,180,187,189, 190,

592-93, 611-12; residual factors in, 177-95; traditional inputs for, of 175-76, 177. See also Agriculture; Socioeconomic development; Technology; Urbanization
Economies of scale, 204, 205, 593-94
Education: compulsory, 352«, 610, 619; costs of, 163-64, 195, 320-21, 334-37, 348-51; demand for, 315-16, 577-78, 608, 609; demographic obstacles to, 326-43; developmental effects of, 351-61; expansion of, 159, 316-23; expenditures on, 192; and fertility, 144, 163-64, 317, 352-55, 494-96, 512; of migrants, 289-90, 294-95; official goals for, 323-27; private sector in, 321«, 578; quality of, 319-20, 334; returns from, 192-93, 355-61; secondary, 331, 332-34, 361, and urbanization, 337. See also Age structure; Earnings; Economic development; Enrollment ratios; Teachers
Effort and productivity, 178-79
Elites, attitudes on population growth of, 541-59
Employment, 369, 370; in nonagricultural sector, 229-31; and youth population, 580, 607-8, 609, 612. See also Labor force; Unemployment and underemployment
Energy, 224, 232, 241, 252; consumption of, 143, 225, 226, 229-31, 237, 239, 374-76
Enrollment ratios: and fertility, 327, 338-50; financial requirements for, 323; goals for, 225-26; growth in, 317-19; rural vs. urban, 337; and teacher supply, 331-34
Entrepreneurship, 178, 181, 193
Environment: and population growth, 208-9, 222-23, 234-44; in developing countries, 235; national attitudes toward, 243
Ethical criteria: based on benefits and harms, 629-34; based on distributive